According to eningbo, in 2012, China was a rising superpower in the global economy. With a population of over 1.3 billion people, it was the most populous country in the world and had an estimated GDP of $8.2 trillion, making it the second largest economy behind the United States. The country had experienced strong economic growth since 1978 when it began to reform its economic system from a centrally planned economy to a market-based one. This period of growth had seen an increase in foreign investment and trade, leading to rapid industrialization and urbanization throughout the country. The Chinese government was led by President Hu Jintao who was head of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The CPC held ultimate political power within China and was responsible for setting economic policy as well as maintaining social order through censorship and tight control over information. China’s economy was largely based on manufacturing and exports; its vast population provided an almost limitless supply of cheap labor which allowed it to produce goods at lower cost than most other countries in the world. It also had significant investments in technology, infrastructure, energy production and transportation which helped drive its rapid growth. In terms of human rights, China made progress during this period with some improvements to labor rights such as increased wages for workers but there were still significant issues that needed to be addressed; freedom of speech and assembly were restricted; religious minorities such as Uighur Muslims faced discrimination; women’s rights were limited; and there were reports of forced labor practices. Additionally, environmental concerns were growing due to air pollution caused by coal burning power plants as well as water pollution from industrial waste runoff into rivers and lakes. Overall, though, China had established itself as one of the world’s leading economies by 2012 with strong potential for further growth over the coming years due to its large population size and abundant resources. Its continued development would have far-reaching implications for both global politics and economics in years to come. China in 2015 was a rapidly developing country with the world’s second largest economy and a population of 1.37 billion. It had experienced remarkable economic growth over the past few decades, becoming the world’s leading exporter of goods and services. China’s GDP per capita was US$ 8,123 in 2015, making it an upper-middle-income country according to World Bank classification. In terms of political stability, China was governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC) since 1949 and enjoyed relative peace and stability under the leadership of President Xi Jinping who assumed office in 2013. The CPC pursued a policy of economic reform and opening up to global markets which helped to drive rapid economic growth in recent years. In terms of security, China faced some threats from separatist groups such as those in Tibet or Xinjiang; however overall there were low levels of crime as evidenced by the homicide rate which stood at 1 per 100 000 people in 2015. In terms of health indicators, China had mixed records such as high life expectancy (76 years) but also poor access to healthcare services due to lack of insurance coverage; additionally only 77% of children were immunized against common diseases such as measles or polio while adult literacy rate stood at 95%. In terms of governance structures China had strong authoritarian institutions including an independent judiciary which contributed to greater transparency and accountability; however corruption remained widespread despite efforts by international organizations such as United Nations Development Program (UNDP) or Transparency International (TI) to improve transparency through capacity building initiatives or technical assistance programs. Overall, China faced some challenges in 2015 including inequality, insecurity and corruption; however there were some positive signs such as increased access to financial services for small businesses thanks to microfinance initiatives supported by international organizations like UNDP or World Bank Group (WBG). Additionally, President Xi Jinping’s reform agenda aimed at improving education quality or reducing poverty was slowly beginning to bear fruit leading to increased optimism about long-term development prospects for the country. Check computergees for China in 2006.