According to eningbo, in 2012, Chad was a developing nation located in central Africa. It was made up of eighteen provinces and was led by President Idriss Déby, who had been in power since 1990. The government was a republic with a strong executive branch, and while it had seen some economic growth over the previous decade, the country still faced a number of challenges. Chief among these issues were poverty and inequality between different regions of the country. Despite efforts to improve infrastructure such as roads and telecommunications networks which would help to boost economic growth in rural areas where it was most needed, access to education and health care services remained unequal between rural and urban areas. Additionally, while Chad had made some progress in addressing human rights issues through increased efforts to promote gender equality as well as human rights throughout the country; progress was slow due to ongoing civil unrest. Furthermore, Chad also faced environmental challenges such as deforestation and desertification due to overgrazing and unsustainable agricultural practices. This led to soil erosion and reduced agricultural yields, which further exacerbated poverty levels across the country. Additionally, increased oil production within the country had led to environmental damage due to poor management of wastewater from oil-drilling operations. Despite all these challenges facing Chad in 2012 there were some positive developments for the nation that year. In particular, there were efforts being made by international organizations such as UNICEF and USAID towards improving health care services for women and children throughout the country; this included providing vaccinations for preventable diseases such as malaria and measles as well as increasing access to clean water sources through improved sanitation systems. Additionally, increased recognition of Indigenous peoples’ rights within Chad society would hopefully lead to improved living standards for Indigenous communities across the nation’s borders. Chad in 2015 was a landlocked country located in North-Central Africa with a population of around 13 million people. It was bordered by Libya, Sudan, Central African Republic (CAR), Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger. The economy of Chad was primarily based on subsistence agriculture and the exploitation of oil resources. In 2015, the GDP per capita stood at US$1,150 and poverty levels were high with an estimated 51% of its population living below the international poverty line. Chad had experienced political instability since its independence from France in 1960; however by 2015 it had achieved relative stability due to a series of reforms implemented by President Idriss Deby who came to power in 1990. In terms of security, Chad faced threats from rebel groups such as the Union of Resistance Forces (UFR) which had been active since 2008 leading to displacement and food insecurity in some parts of the country. In terms of health indicators, Chad had some poor records with high maternal mortality rates due to lack of access to healthcare services or qualified medical personnel; additionally only 61% of children were immunized against common diseases such as measles or polio. Education indicators were also poor with only 4 out 10 children attending primary school while adult literacy rate stood at just 34%. In terms of governance structures Chad had a semi-presidential system which saw President Deby ruling through executive decrees; corruption was rampant while impunity remained widespread amongst security forces despite efforts by international organizations such as United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to improve transparency and accountability through capacity building initiatives or technical assistance programs. Overall, Chad faced many challenges in 2015 including political instability, insecurity, poverty and weak governance structures which hindered development progress across all sectors including health care services or education programs; however there were some positive signs such as increased access to financial services for small businesses thanks to microfinance initiatives supported by international organizations such UNDP or World Bank Group (WBG). Check computergees for Chad in 2006.